Từ vựng:

1. Universe (/ˈjuː.nɪ.vɜːs/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Vũ trụ
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: All of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.
– Ví dụ: Our solar system is a small part of the universe.
2. Galaxy (/ˈɡæl.ək.si/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Dải ngân hà
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction.
– Ví dụ: The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes our solar system.
3. Planet (/ˈplæn.ɪt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Hành tinh
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star.
– Ví dụ: Earth is the third planet from the sun.
4. Astronaut (/ˈæs.trə.nɔːt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Phi hành gia
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft.
– Ví dụ: Yuri Gagarin was the first astronaut to go into outer space.
5. Telescope (/ˈtel.ɪ.skəʊp/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Kính thiên văn
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: An instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation.
– Ví dụ: With a good telescope, you can see planets and stars more clearly.
6. Comet (/ˈkɒm.ɪt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Sao chổi
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun.
– Ví dụ: Halley’s Comet is a famous comet which is visible from Earth every 76 years.
7. Asteroid (/ˈæs.tə.rɔɪd/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Tiểu hành tinh
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A small rocky object orbiting the sun, often in a belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
– Ví dụ: The asteroid belt is a region of space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found.
8. Gravity (/ˈɡræv.ɪ.ti/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Lực hấp dẫn
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: The force that attracts a body towards the centre of the earth, or towards any other physical body having mass.
– Ví dụ: Astronauts in space experience zero gravity.
9. Orbit (/ˈɔː.bɪt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Quỹ đạo
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: The curved path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon.
– Ví dụ: The moon orbits the earth.
10. Meteor (/ˈmiː.ti.ər/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Thiên thạch
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A small body of matter from outer space that enters earth’s atmosphere and becomes incandescent as a result of friction.
– Ví dụ: If we’re lucky, we might see a meteor shower tonight.
**

Từ vựng:

1. Democracy (/dɪˈmɑː.krə.si/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Dân chủ
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.
– Câu ví dụ: Democracy guarantees freedom and rights for its citizens.
2. Election (/ɪˈlɛkʃ(ə)n/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Bầu cử
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The process of voting to choose somebody for a political position.
– Câu ví dụ: The presidential election will be held in November.
3. Government (/ˈɡʌvərnmənt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Chính phủ
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The group of people who control and make decisions for a country, state, etc.
– Câu ví dụ: The government has decided to increase taxes.
4. Legislation (/ˌlejəˈsleɪʃ(ə)n/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Pháp luật
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament.
– Câu ví dụ: The government is preparing new legislation to control smoking in public places.
5. Politician (/ˌpɑːlɪˈtɪʃən/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Chính trị gia
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A person who is professionally involved in politics, especially as a holder of an elected office.
– Câu ví dụ: He’s a very professional politician who seldom makes any mistakes.
6. Campaign (/kæmˈpeɪn/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Chiến dịch
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political result.
– Câu ví dụ: She’s leading a campaign to save the local library.
7. Referendum (/ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Trưng cầu dân ý
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.
– Câu ví dụ: The government held a referendum on the country’s membership in the European Union.
8. Constitution (/ˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃən/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Hiến pháp
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The system of laws and basic principles that a state, a country or an organization is governed by.
– Câu ví dụ: The Constitution guarantees freedom of speech.
9. Diplomacy (/dɪˈploʊməsi/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Ngoại giao
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The conduct by government officials of negotiations and other relations between nations.
– Câu ví dụ: His years of studying in foreign countries serve him well in his career in diplomacy.
10. Treaty (/ˈtriːti/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Hiệp ước
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A formal agreement between two or more states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other international relations.
– Câu ví dụ: The treaty was a solemn agreement between two countries to stop fighting.
Câu bài tập điền từ:
1. People in a __________ have the right to choose their leaders through voting.
2. The results of the __________ were surprising to a lot of people.
3. The __________ has recently passed a new law on environmental protection.
4. Politicians are debating a lot to pass the new __________ related to healthcare.
5. As a __________, he spent most of his time lobbying for new healthcare initiatives.
6. They are working hard on their __________ to raise awareness about climate change.
7. The __________ on gun control resulted in more strict laws being implemented.
8. The __________ establishes basic principles of the country.
9. He will work in __________ to strengthen relationships with foreign countries.
10. The two countries have signed a __________ of peace and friendship.
Đáp án:
1. Democracy
2. Election
3. Government
4. Legislation
5. Politician
6. Campaign
7. Referendum
8. Constitution
9. Diplomacy
10. Treaty

Từ vựng:

1. Lawyer (/ˈlɔɪ.ər/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Luật sư
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A person who is qualified to advise people about the law and represent them in court, and to write legal documents.
– Ví dụ: She hired a lawyer to handle her divorce.
2. Judicial (/dʒʊˈdɪʃ.əl/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Thuộc tòa án
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: Involving a law court or a judge.
– Ví dụ: There is broad judicial support for the idea.
3. Verdict (/ˈvɝː.dɪkt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Phán quyết
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.
– Ví dụ: The jury returned a guilty verdict.
4. Litigation (/ˌlɪt.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Sự kiện tụng
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: Process of taking legal action; the process of arguing a case in a court of law.
– Ví dụ: He has paid out thousands of dollars in litigation costs.
5. Appeal (/əˈpiːl/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Kháng cáo
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A serious, earnest request for help, support, etc.; an application to a higher court for a decision to be reversed.
– Ví dụ: He said he would appeal against the conviction.
6. Jurisdiction (/ˌdʒʊr.ɪsˈdɪk.ʃən/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Thẩm quyền
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: The authority of a court or official organization to make decisions and judgments.
– Ví dụ: The British courts have jurisdiction over the case.
7. Hearing (/ˈhɪr.ɪŋ/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Phiên tòa
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A legal proceeding where the facts of a particular issue are looked at, and evidence is presented to help decide the issue.
– Ví dụ: The hearing will take place next week.
8. Defendant (/dɪˈfen.dənt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Bị cáo
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: An individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law.
– Ví dụ: The defendant pleaded not guilty.
9. Tort (/tɔːrt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Tội dân sự
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A wrongful act or an infringement of a right leading to legal liability.
– Ví dụ: He sued the company for tort.
10. Penalty (/ˈpen.əl.ti/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Hình phạt
– Nghĩa tiếng Anh: A punishment for doing something which is against a law or rule.
– Ví dụ: The penalty for withdrawing money early is two months’ interest.
**

Từ vựng:

1. Melody (/ˈmɛlədi/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: giai điệu
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A melody is a sequence of single notes that is musically satisfying.
– Câu ví dụ: His compositions are always filled with beautiful melodies.
2. Rhythm (/ˈrɪðəm/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: nhịp điệu
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Rhythm is the systematic arrangement of musical sounds, principally according to duration and periodic stress.
– Câu ví dụ: The rhythm of this song makes me want to dance.
3. Lyrics (/ˈlɪrɪks/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: lời bài hát
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Lyrics are the words of a song, especially a pop song.
– Câu ví dụ: I love the lyrics of this song. They are so powerful.
4. Harmony (/ˈhärmənē/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: hòa âm
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Harmony is the combination of simultaneously sounded musical notes to produce a pleasing effect.
– Câu ví dụ: The harmony in this piece of music is complicated but very beautiful.
5. Orchestra (/ˈɔːkɪstrə/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: dàn nhạc
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: An orchestra is a large group of musicians who play a variety of different instruments together.
– Câu ví dụ: The orchestra skillfully performed the symphony to the audience’s applause.
6. Composer (/kəmˈpəʊzər/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: nhà soạn nhạc
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A composer is a person who writes music, especially classical music.
– Câu ví dụ: Beethoven was a renowned composer in the classical music world.
7. Harmonica (/hɑːrˈmɒnɪkə/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: harmonica
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A harmonica is a small rectangular wind instrument with a row of metal reeds along its length, held against the lips and moved from side to side to produce different notes.
– Câu ví dụ: He played a sweet tune on his harmonica.
8. Tempo (/ˈtɛmpəʊ/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: tiết tấu
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Tempo is the speed at which a piece of music is played.
– Câu ví dụ: The tempo of the music sped up and everyone began to dance.
9. Genre (/ˈʒɑːnrə/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: thể loại
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Genre refers to a category of music (or other artistic composition) characterized by a particular style, form, or content.
– Câu ví dụ: Jazz and rock are two different genres of music.
10. Choir (/kwaɪər/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: đội hợp xướng
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A choir is a group of singers who perform together, typically in parts, with several on each part.
– Câu ví dụ: The church choir sang beautifully at the service.

Từ vựng:

1.
– Tradition (/trəˈdiʃn/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Truyền thống
– Definition in English: Customs, opinions, or beliefs handed down from generation to generation.
– Example sentence: “Christmas is a Christian tradition that is celebrated worldwide.”
2.
– Cultural (/ˈkʌltʃərəl/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Văn hóa
– Definition in English: Pertaining to the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a society.
– Example sentence: “Experiencing different cultural practices is an important part of traveling.”
3.
– Diversity (/dɪˈvɜːrsɪti/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Đa dạng
– Definition in English: The state of being varied or different; variety.
– Example sentence: “Many cities are known for their cultural diversity.”
4.
– Customs (/ˈkʌstəm/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Phong tục
– Definition in English: The practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group.
– Example sentence: “In some customs, it’s polite to slurp your noodles.”
5.
– Heritage (/ˈhɛrɪtɪdʒ/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Di sản
– Definition in English: Features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as traditions, languages, or buildings, that were created in the past and still have historical importance.
– Example sentence: “The government has a plan to preserve the country’s cultural heritage.”
6.
– Ethnicity (/ɛθˈnɪsɪti/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Dân tộc
– Definition in English: The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
– Example sentence: “People of all different ethnicities live in this city.”
7.
– Folklore (/ˈfoʊklɔːr/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Dân gian
– Definition in English: The traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth.
– Example sentence: “Fairy tales are part of our folklore.”
8.
– Ritual (/ˈrɪtʃʊəl/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Lễ nghi
– Definition in English: A set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part of a ceremony.
– Example sentence: “Going to church every Sunday is a part of their religious ritual.”
9.
– Civilization(/ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃn/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Nền văn minh
– Definition in English: The society, culture, and way of life of a particular area.
– Example sentence: “The Ancient Greek civilization is known for its advancements in philosophy and politics.”
10.
– Artifacts(/ˈɑːrtɪfækt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Di vật
– Definition in English: An object made by a human being, typically one of historical or cultural interest.
– Example sentence: “You can see the ancient artifacts in the museum.”
Exercises:
1. Christmas is a Christian …… that is celebrated worldwide.
2. Many cities are known for their cultural …….
3. In some ……., it’s polite to slurp your noodles.
4. The government has a plan to preserve the country’s cultural …….
5. People of all different ……. live in this city.
6. Fairy tales are part of our …….
7. Going to church every Sunday is a part of their religious …….
8. The Ancient Greek ……. is known for its advancements in philosophy and politics.
9. You can see the ancient ……. in the museum.
10. Experiencing different……. practices is an important part of traveling.
Answers: 1. Tradition 2. Diversity 3. Customs 4. Heritage 5. Ethnicity 6. Folklore 7. Ritual 8. Civilization 9. Artifacts 10. Cultural

Từ vựng:

1. Archaeology (/ˌɑːrkiˈɒlədʒi/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Khảo cổ học
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The study of human history and prehistoric societies, as observed through the excavation of artifacts and structures.
– Câu ví dụ: She decided to study archaeology because of her passion for history.
2. Chronology (/krəˈnɒlədʒi/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Niên đại học
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence in time.
– Câu ví dụ: I am trying to establish a reliable chronology of the series of events.
3. Dynasty (/ˈdɪnəsti/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Triều đại
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system.
– Câu ví dụ: The Tang dynasty was a high point in Chinese civilization.
4. Ancient (/ˈeɪnʃ(ə)nt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Cổ đại
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Belonging to the very distant past, especially before the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
– Câu ví dụ: Ancient Rome was a republic before it became an empire.
5. Civilization (/ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Nền văn minh
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The process by which a society or place reaches a certain level of development, especially social and cultural progress.
– Câu ví dụ: The Ancient Greek civilization has made many contributions to western culture.
6. Historical (/hɪˈstɔːrɪk(ə)l/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Lịch sử
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: Related to the study of past events, particularly human affairs.
– Câu ví dụ: This is a historical account of the incidents that led up to the war.
7. Monument (/ˈmɒnjʊm(ə)nt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Di tích
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A structure erected to commemorate a famous person or event.
– Câu ví dụ: The Lincoln Memorial is a monument honoring Abraham Lincoln.
8. Decade (/ˈdeɪkeɪd/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Thập kỷ
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: A period of ten years.
– Câu ví dụ: She has been working there for over a decade.
9. Empire (/ˈɛmpʌɪə/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Đế quốc
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: An extensive territory or group of countries under a single ruler or government.
– Câu ví dụ: The Roman Empire stretched across much of Europe.
10. Reenactment (/ˌriːəˈnæktmənt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Tái hiện
– Giải thích nghĩa bằng tiếng Anh: The acting out of a past event, especially as part of a historical celebration or ceremony.
– Câu ví dụ: They held a reenactment of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Từ vựng:

1. Galaxy (/ˈɡæləksi/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Ngân hà
– Explanation: A system of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, held together by gravitational attraction.
– Example: The Milky Way is a galaxy that contains our Solar System.

2. Universe (/ˈjuːnɪvɜːrs/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Vũ trụ
– Explanation: All existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos.
– Example: There are billions of galaxies in the universe.

3. Astronaut (/ˈæstrənɔːt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Nhà du hành vũ trụ
– Explanation: A person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft.
– Example: Neil Armstrong was the first astronaut to walk on the moon.

4. Comet (/ˈkɒmɪt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Sao chổi
– Explanation: A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a ‘tail’ of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun.
– Example: The appearance of a comet is often considered to be a portent of doom.

5. Meteor (/ˈmiːtiər/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Sao băng
– Explanation: A small body of matter from outer space that enters the earth’s atmosphere, appearing as a streak of light.
– Example: We watched the meteor shower from the top of the hill.
6. Satellite (/ˈsatəlaɪt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Vệ tinh
– Explanation: An artificial body placed in orbit around the earth or moon or another planet in order to collect information or for communication.
– Example: Most television signals are now relayed by satellite.

7. Orbit (/ˈɔːbɪt/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Quỹ đạo
– Explanation: The regularly repeated elliptical course of a celestial object or spacecraft about a star or planet.
– Example: The earth takes one year to complete one orbit around the sun.

8. Spacecraft (/ˈspeɪskrɑːft/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Tàu vũ trụ
– Explanation: A vehicle used for traveling in space.
– Example: The spacecraft is due to land on Mars next month.
9. Astronomy (/əˈstrɒnəmi/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Thiên văn học
– Explanation: The study of objects and matter outside the earth’s atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties.
– Example: Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences.

10. Nebula (/ˈnɛbjʊlə/)
– Nghĩa tiếng Việt: Tinh vân
– Explanation: A cloud of gas and dust in outer space, visible in the night sky either as an indistinct bright patch or as a dark silhouette against other luminous matter.
– Example: The Orion Nebula is the closest star formation region to Earth.
*Exercise: Fill in the blank with the suitable word*
1. The Andromeda ___ is on a collision course with our own.
2. The ___ and its mysteries have always fascinated humans.
3. John Glenn was a famous American ___.
4. Halley’s ___ is visible from Earth every 76 years.
5. The ___ shower last night was spectacular!
6. This ___ enables us to receive television broadcast from around the globe.
7. The moon ___ the earth approximately every 27.3 days.
8. The ___ will carry the astronauts safely back to Earth.
9. He is studying ___ at university.
10. The ___ had a gaseous tail visible to the naked eye.
*Answer key*:
1. Galaxy
2. Universe
3. Astronaut
4. Comet
5. Meteor
6. Satellite
7. Orbit
8. Spacecraft
9. Astronomy
10. Nebula